Qtime Collection, FTP Download, Gzipped
Display time as English sentence, coded in: AWK, C, ICI, Icon, JavaScript, Lite/mSQL, PHP3, Pike, Python, REBOL, Rexx, Ruby, SLang, Spanner. Tested on only Linux (all) and AmigaOS (C and Rexx versions).
Schizoid Classes: Of Class, Type, and Method
Compares Java and Smalltalk, in text and table. By Rodney Bates. [ACM Queue]
Guidelines for Choosing a Computer Language: Support for the Visionary Organizations
Multipage study compares: 4GL/5GL, 3GL (Ada 95, C, C++, COBOL, FORTRAN, Java, Smalltalk), 2GL (Assembly). Divides language (definition) from traits of products that implement and support it. Several sections, tables, appendixes.
Object-Oriented Languages in the Industry: A Comparison
Text and tables compare 4 major OO languages: Eiffel, C++, Java, Smalltalk. Criteria chosen to suggest where Eiffel is better.
C++??: A Critique of C++ (3rd ed.)
A critical view on the C++ and C programming language.
Simple Programs in Various Different Programming Languages
Common algorithms and other sample code in the languages: Bash and Bourne shells, C/C++, Java, MATLAB/Octave, Perl, Python, Ruby, Scheme.
TUNES Project: Programming Languages
Over 200 languages described, mostly original commentary, many deep insights, over 1,000 links. [Open Content]
Timing Trials, or, the Trials of Timing: Experiments with Scripting and User-Interface Languages
By Brian Kernighan, Christopher Van Wyk. Compares how fast C, Awk, Perl, Tcl, Java, Visual Basic, Limbo, Scheme, run a range of representative tasks. Text, tables, graphs, code samples.
The BNF Web Club Language
Browse, explore some programming language syntax rules, see relations between rules, understand them via BNF (Backus-Naur Form notation) and syntactic diagrams: SQL, PL/SQL, SQL2, IDL; Ada 95, Java, Modula-2; Lazy, Lisp, M5.
Programming Language Benchmarks
Compares the same program in Ada, C, Forth, FORTRAN, Java, Lisp, Perl, R, Ruby. Goal: support decisions in language choice for making compute-intensive Web programs. Text, table, code samples.
Multi-Core Ant Colony Optimization for TSP in Erlang
Compares Erlang, GHC Haskell, Standard ML (Alice, MLton); text, tables, graphs.
Survey of Programming Languages Associated with the Web
General feature comparisons, explanations.
Ruby FAQ - How Does Ruby Stack Up Against...?
Comparison of Ruby against Python and other high level dynamic languages. By John Dell'Aquila.
Fortran 90 vs. Ada 95
Compares Ada 95 to Fortran 90 via code samples, text. Well reasoned and written, many examples. Finds Ada equal or better than Fortran in all aspects but one marginal trait.
Function.Name
A reference book of functions and languages. You will find descriptions of these languages, and also can independently add descriptions to languages and functions. Manuals for PHP, Python, Ruby, C, Assembler and others.
A Comparative Overview of C#
Also compares C#, Java, C++. By Ben Albahari.
Reasons for TOM
TOM attempts to address flaws in these languages: C++, Cecil, Common Lisp, Eiffel, Java, Objective-C, Smalltalk.
HOPL: An Interactive Roster of Programming Languages
History of Programming Languages encyclopedia, over 8,500 languages, full verified references, code samples, big bibliography, biographical-institutional material, 4,000 language family tree.
Gnat and Linux: C++ and Java Under Fire
Compares Ada, Java, C, C++, Delphi. Text, tables. Gnat and Linux orientation. [Linux Gazette]
Java Benchmark
By Rene Grothmann. Compares sieve algorithm in Java and C/C++. Text, tables, live comparison applet.
In Search of the Ideal Programming Language
Article by Sergey Polak. Review and comparison programming languages in search expressive, extensible, readable, safe, portable language.
Syntax Across Languages
Operator names and syntax elements in various programming languages.
Programming Languages Study
Includes: diagram, history of languages; history of language concepts; syntax across languages; Scriptometer measures scripting ease of languages; mutability and sharing of various values in various languages.
Just Say No to Microsoft: Programming Languages
Describes dozens of mostly living languages, grouped by family similarities. Most are alternatives to Microsoft.
Perl vs. Python vs. Ruby
Comparison with text, code samples, many reader comments. Michael Tsai weblog.
Programmers: Otters with Rocks?
Discusses historical move from low level languages to higher level interpreted ones, productivity, future developments. Active feedback response. [ZDNet News]
An Empirical Comparison of C, C++, Java, Perl, Python, Rexx, and Tcl for a Search/string-processing Program
One set of requirements, 80 implementations, coded by 74 different programmers in various languages, compared for properties: run time, memory use, source text length, comment density, program structure, reliability, effort needed. [PDF]
An Empirical Comparison of C, C++, Java, Perl, Python, Rexx, and Tcl
By Lutz Prechelt. Neutral, quantitative analysis of 7 languages in title, for 7 variables, via 80 implementations of the same requirement set. PDF format. [IEEE Computer]
What Languages Fix
Compares many languages in brief text, describes each by the problem it fixes. [Paul Graham]
PLEAC: Programming Language Examples Alike Cookbook
Suite of common programming problems solved in Ada, C++, Erlang, Guile, Haskell, Java, Masd, merd, NASM, Objective Caml, Perl, Pliant, Python, Ruby, Tcl.
Comparing Python and Ruby
Informal experiment on different look of Python and Ruby edit-distance programs; text, tables, download files.
Haskell and Scheme: Which One and Why?
Text comparison. ScienceBlogs LLC; Good Math, Bad Math.
The Computer Language Benchmarks Game
Performance measurements and source code for ~25 benchmark programs in ~25 languages; with side-by-side comparisons for any 2 programming languages, and an interactive weighted ranking for all the languages.
Team Eiffel: The Zen of Python, Part I
Text compares Python and Eiffel, via Tim Peters' Zen rules.
Water Comparisons
Two medium length documents compare object-oriented languages: Water with ConciseXML syntax, to JSP (JavaServer Pages) and Java; 1 brief list compares Water to PHP.
C# from a Java Developer's Perspective
Thorough article by Dare Obasanjo, treats most similarities and differences between the two languages: features in Java and not in C#, and features in C# and not in Java. Text, tables, code, resources.
99 Bottles of Beer on the Wall
Shows source code implementation for the same simple program across over 250 different programming languages.
A Comparison of Ada and Real-Time Java for Safety-Critical Applications
Slide show, was Best Paper at Ada Europe 2006 Conference, Porto, Portugal. By Ben Brosgol, AdaCore; Andy Wellings, University of York, UK. Text, diagrams.
Ada, C, C++, and Java vs. The Steelman
Compares 4 programming languages (Ada 95, C, C++, Java) with the needs of "Steelman", original 1978 requirements document for Ada language. Big detailed table.
Ada 95, Java, and C++
Some think Java is like C++. Usual C++ idioms do not apply to Java as it is not a C++ superset or subset; Java is a derivation with many modifications, extensions. Both language syntax are alike, but semantics and philosophy are very different. Java is nearer Ada 95 than C++, except in syntax.
Comparing Development Costs of C and Ada
Article by Stephen F. Zeigler. Analysis of a case where most variables were controlled enough to make a comparison between development costs (time, error rates, code size, ...) of the 2 languages.
Programming Language Critiques
Annotated links to critiques (Older version, by original author)
Ruby Versus Nine Object-Oriented Languages
Compares Ruby, Objective-C, Smalltalk-80, C++, Java, Python, CLOS, Perl5, PHP, Dylan.
A Comparison of C++, FORTRAN 90 and Oberon-2 for Scientific Programming
The report concludes by a personal assessment of the three languages with respect to the numerical context. By Bernd Mösli. The reader's experience in scientific programming in C or FORTRAN would be advantageous.
The Zen of Python
Compares traits of many languages, without naming any; by Tim Peters.
Advanced Programming Language Design
Book compares over 70 languages, and main classes: imperative, functional, object-oriented, dataflow, concurrent, declarative, aggregate. By Raphael Finkel, Addison-Wesley.
Is Ada a Better C?
Compares Ada, C, C++, language facilities under DOS. Copy of article, originally titled "Ada Better Than C++?" Text and code samples. [EXE magazine]
Eiffel and Delphi Compared
Text compares differences of several main aspects.
Java and Smalltalk Syntax Compared
Table and notes compare some elements of syntax of Java 1.1 to Smalltalk-80.
1% the Code
Chuck Moore, father of Forth, says programs can be far smaller in colorForth than C. No code samples.
Linux Number Crunching: Benchmarking Languages
Compares performance of Intel Fortran and C++, gcc, and IBM, Sun and GNU Java compilers, on an Intel Linux platform.
Dylan Competitive Analysis
Compares Dylan, Smalltalk, Objective-C, C/C++. Long document.
Comparing Mercury and Haskell
Compares type systems, all text. Uses Haskell 98 since Mercury type system is more like Haskell than ML, and Haskell 98 is best documented, most well-known Haskell.
Programming Language Categories
Brief text compares 6 basic language types: general scripting, programmer scripting, application development, low-level, pure functional, complete core.
Java and C-sharp Compared
Briefly compares several traits; text, code samples.
TMXxine Languages
Brief comparison Curl with High Level assembler, BCX, Dark Basic, Mono (C#/.Net implementation), Python, Squeak, XBasic/XBlite. Curl applet examples.
Programming Information from HB
Text descriptions compare C/C++, Java, Pascal, Basic, VeraStream; Oracle; HTML, XML; JavaScript, PHP.
C# Strikes a Chord
Compares 4 languages: C, C++, C#, Java. Shows family genealogy. [Dr. Dobb's Journal]
Java vs Ruby: A Comparison of the Key Elements
Compares building blocks of two languages, in text and code samples. Developer.com.
C++ Java Python Ruby Side by Side Code Comparison
Includes insightful comments on essay: C++ vs. Java vs. Python vs. Ruby: A First Impression. [digg]
D vs Other Languages
Yes-No table with definitions compares D, C, C++, C#, Java, on: GC, functions, arrays, OOP, performance, reliability, compatibility, conditional compiling. [Digital Mars]
C++ vs. Java vs. Python vs. Ruby: A First Impression
Essay compares aspects of the languages, one page allows matched comparing of code of a red-black tree algorithm in each language.
Ada and Java: Realtime Advantages
Compares C, Ada, Java, for flaws and strengths in realtime programming, embedded software, built-in support for multithreading; text, code samples. Embedded.com.
University of Michigan's Language Guide
Each entry includes history, description, code examples, and references.
Four-fold Increase in Productivity and Quality
Published internal study, of Ericsson AXD 301 ATM switch project, using Erlang, C, C++, Java. Results: programmer productivity, code error rates, roughly proportional to source code size.
Java and C++ Resource Management Comparison
Detailed discussion of the techniques used in Java and C++ to implement leak free and exception safe resource management. Covers memory management, finalizers, destructors and finally blocks with examples.
Ray Tracer Language Comparison
Mini ray tracer benchmark written equivalently in C++, Java, SML, Objective Caml, Lisp, Scheme. Compares verbosity, performance; text, code samples, tables, image, graph. [Flying Frog Consultancy]
Java vs. JavaScript
Compares similarities, differences. By First Step Communications.
Lisp as an Alternative to Java
Ron Garret / Erann Gat comparison, starts from 1999 Prechelt study results, adds many insights; as text, a few tables. [Intelligence]
What's Wrong with Perl
Author explains what he considers wrong about Perl, presents Python as an alternative. Descriptions, code samples, links.
History and Comparison of Programming Languages
Files compare statements in several different languages, tracing from early to present languages.
Language Options Comparison
Compares scripting language feature options, in various categories. Pros and cons given for each feature variant. Text, code samples, table.
The C Family of Languages
Interview with Dennis Ritchie, Bjarne Stroustrup, James Gosling.
Is Turing a Better Language for Teaching Programming than Pascal?
Compares Turing to Pascal, long text document, no tables or graphs; by Jacqueline L. Martin, 1996, many references.
CLOS, Eiffel, and Sather: A Comparison
References, zipped Postscript, and inlined gifs.
Programming Language Critiques: Pascal, C, C++, and C-Linda
Text compares languages on many points; by Jim Basney.
Forth and Not C
Pro-Forth text explains why C is used more than Forth.
Forth Versus C
Pro-Forth question and answer text, some questions have several answers.
Io Comparisons
Compares a few variables (size, speed, syntax) in many languages: Brain, C, Cel, F-Script, Forth (gForth, pForth), Icon, Java (Kaffe), Lisp (CLisp, Guile, LispMe, Scheme48), Lua, Perl, Pike, Python, Ruby, Self, Smalltalk (GNU, Squeak, SuperCollider), Tcl.
Are Scripting Languages the Wave of the Future?
Programming guru, Robert Martin, on languages of the coming decade. [ITworld.com]
Java vs. C#
Code for code comparison. All features on both languages are compared.
C#: A Language Alternative or Just J--?, Part 1
Compares C# to Java, describes features and design trade-offs, places C# in context of broader Microsoft .Net strategy. Text, tables, code samples, links. By Mark Johnson. First article of 2-part series. [JavaWorld]
Programming Language Comparison
Table and text compares many features of some popular object-oriented languages: C++, C#, Eiffel, Java, Perl, Python, Ruby, Smalltalk, Visual Basic.
My Programming Language Crisis
Some points on language design by Keith Waclena.
Ted Shieh's Programming Language Comparison
A comparison of the features of and demand for some of the major programming languages.
Why Pascal is Not My Favorite Programming Language
Brian Kernighan's comparison of Pascal and C
Contrast Ruby and Other Languages
Ruby vs Perl, Python, Tcl, Java, Eiffel, C++. Very short, some humor. English, Japanese version.
Comparisons of Tcl with Other Systems
Many comparisons between Tcl/Tk and other similar systems, most copied from comp.lang.tcl.
The ROT13 Page
ROT13 implemented in many programming languages.
Developer's Dilemma: Perl or PHP?
By Joe "Zonker" Brockmeier. How to choose between two languages that are both very popular for Web development? Text, forum comments. [NewsFactor]
Is .NET's C Sharper Than C++ or Java?
By Joe "Zonker" Brockmeier. Text compares a few aspects of C#, Java, C++. [NewsFactor]
Lisp as an Alternative to Java
Brief text on comparisons of C, C++, Java, Lisp, Ron Garret / Erann Gat study, with conforming example program Lisp source code; very useful links.
Sun's Comparison of Language Features
Table graphic, uses good-fair-poor metric, compares Java, Smalltalk, Tcl, Perl, Shells, C, C++.
A Comparison between BETA, C++, Eiffel, Java, Object Pascal, Ruby and Smalltalk
Table compares 12 traits to side, 7 languages at top.
A Comparison between 10 Languages
Table compares 13 traits at top, 10 languages to side: BETA, C#, C++, C-Talk, Eiffel, Java, Object Pascal, Ruby, Sather, Smalltalk.
Examples of Programs in Different Programming Languages
Compares 129 (or 157?) languages, via 418 code samples, and growing.
The Quine Page
Collection of self-reproducing programs: each outputs a copy of its own source code; about 60 languages.
What I Hate About Your Programming Language
Text treats general aspects of language choices, then compares hatred of Perl, Python, Ruby, PHP, Java, C, C++, JavaScript, XSLT, SQL. With many forum comments. [ONLamp.com]
Seven Reasons I Switched Back to PHP after Two Years on Rails
Derek Sivers spent two years trying to make Rails do something it wasn't meant to do, then realized his old abandoned language (PHP) would do just fine if approached with my new Rails-gained wisdom.
Nine Language Performance Round-up: Benchmarking Math & File I/O
Small-scale benchmark test run on 9 languages or variants: Java 1.3.1 and 1.4.2, C via gcc 3.3.1, Python 2.3.2 and via Psyco 1.1.1, 4 from Microsoft Visual Studio .NET 2003: Visual Basic/C#/C++/J#.
Accumulator Generator
Compares canonical solutions to same problem as code samples in: C++, Dylan, E, Erlang, Haskell, JavaScript, Lisp (Arc, Common, Goo, Scheme), Lua, Maple, Mathematica, Oz-Mozart, NewtonScript, Perl, Python, REBOL, Ruby, Smalltalk, VBScript. [Paul Graham]
Comparing PHP with Other Languages
Text compares several traits of ASP.NET, C#, PHP, Java, Lisp, Perl, Python, Ruby, Smalltalk. Article with forum posts. [Professional PHP]
Languages Versus D
Growing table compares D, C, C++, C#, Java, Delphi, Python, Perl, Eiffel, Sather, Smalltalk, Lisp/CLOS, Ada. Many clarifying comments below. [Wiki4D, Open Content]
Python Compared to Other Languages
Many links to comparisons involving Python.
Why to Move from ASM to C
Brief text compares Assembly to C; lower to higher level language. ScienceProg.
Popular Programming Languages
Long text table compares many languages by brief descriptions matched to common tasks.
Quantifying the Debate: Ada vs. C++
Tables and text compare Ada 83/95, C, C++; mainly costs, reliability. By Donald J. Reifer. [CrossTalk]
The Case against C
Five short essays compare C (and C++ by extension) to Fortran: Why C is Not a Good Numerical Language, Why C is Not a Good First Language, C's Poor Loop Constructs, C's Pointers and Optimisation, Optimisation through Directives.
TIOBE Programming Community Index: TPCI
Updated monthly. Shows language popularity via world-wide availability of skilled engineers, courses, 3rd party vendors. Calculated from search engines Google, MSN, Yahoo.
Programming Languages Mini-howto
Briefly compares major Linux programming languages: C, C++, Fortran, Java, Lisp, Perl, PHP, Python, Tcl; by Risto S. Varanka.
ASP vs. PHP
Brief text compares website building languages ASP, PHP on several points. [WebProNews]
Comparison of Oberon-2 with Modula-2
Short text summary of main features of Oberon-2; target audience: Modula-2 programmers unfamiliar with Oberon-2, but familiar with object-oriented and extensible programming concepts.
ACM "Hello, World" Project
List of the famous "Hello, World!" programming teaching program, in hundreds of different languages.
Benchmark Execution Speed of LabVIEW Applications
Compares 2 LabVIEW versions with C: brief text, 1 table. [National Instruments]
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